Gambling Disorder Quizlet
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- Gambling Disorder Quizlet Depression
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Substance-use and addictive disorders are marked by physiological dependence, drug-seeking behavior, tolerance, and/or withdrawal.
- Gambling problems exist with every form of gambling activity. It’s not just associated with casinos or Internet gambling. Bingo players, lottery players, casino players, and friends playing poker all can develop Gambling Disorder. People with Gambling Disorder continue gambling despite bad consequences.
- Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a chronic state of severe worry and tension, often without provocation. Those with GAD regularly anticipate disaster, often worrying excessively about health.
- Delusional disorder, previously called paranoid disorder, is a type of serious mental illness in which a person cannot tell what is real from what is imagined. Learn more about its causes.
Learning Objectives
Summarize the similarities and differences in diagnostic criteria, etiology, and treatment options among substance-use and addictive disorders
Key Takeaways
Key Points
- Substance use disorder combines the previous DSM-IV-TR categories of “substance abuse” and “substance dependence ” into a single disorder measured on a diagnostic continuum from mild to severe. Each specific substance is addressed as a separate use disorder, such as alcohol or stimulants.
- Substance use disorder can be diagnosed with physiological dependence, evidence of tolerance or withdrawal, or without physiological dependence.
- Addiction is the continued repetition of a behavior despite adverse consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors. Physiological dependence occurs when the body adjusts to the substance.
- Tolerance is when body adapts to the substance and requires increasingly more to achieve effects. Withdrawal refers to physical and psychological symptoms experienced when reducing or discontinuing a substance.
- Gambling disorders include the urge to continuously gamble despite harmful negative consequences or a desire to stop.
- Theories of the causes of substance-related and addictive disorders include genetic predisposition, the self-medication theory, and factors involved with social/economic development.
- Most treatment for addictions involves counseling, step-based programs, self-help, peer-support, medication, or a combination of these.
Gambling Disorder Quizlet Test
Gambling disorder refers to the uncontrollable urge to gamble, despite serious personal consequences. Problem gambling can impact a person's interpersonal relationships, financial situation, and physical and mental health. Yet it has only recently been recognized as an addiction. Problem gambling was first classified as a psychiatric disorder.
Key Terms
- dysthymia: A milder form of clinical depression, characterized by low-grade depression which lasts at least 2 years.
- dual diagnosis: Also called co-occurring disorders; the condition of suffering from a mental illness and a simultaneously occurring substance abuse problem.
- dependence: An irresistible physical or psychological need, especially for a chemical substance.
Defining Substance Use Disorder
Substance use disorder combines the previous DSM-IV-TR categories of “substance abuse” and “substance dependence” into a single disorder, measured on a diagnostic continuum from mild to severe. Each specific substance is addressed as a separate use disorder, such as alcohol or stimulants. Other substances include opioids, sedatives, cocaine, cannabis, amphetamines, inhalants, and nicotine.
Addiction is the continued repetition of a behavior despite adverse consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors. Addictions can include, but are not limited to, substance abuse, exercise addiction, food addiction, sexual addiction, computer addiction and gambling. Classic hallmarks of addiction include impaired control over substances or behavior, preoccupation with substance or behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward), coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs).
Physiological dependence occurs when the body has to adjust to the substance by incorporating the substance into its ‘normal’ functioning. This state creates the conditions of tolerance and withdrawal. Tolerance is the process by which the body continually adapts to the substance and requires increasingly larger amounts to achieve the original effects. Withdrawal refers to physical and psychological symptoms experienced when reducing or discontinuing a substance that the body has become dependent on. Symptoms of withdrawal generally include but are not limited to anxiety, irritability, intense cravings for the substance, nausea, hallucinations, headaches, cold sweats, and tremors. Chemical and hormonal imbalances may arise. Physiological and psychological stress is to be expected if the substance is not re-introduced.
Substance Use, Addiction, and Effects: Individuals suffering from substance use disorder and addiction may engage in the use of many substances. This can lead to personal problems such as failing health and unemployment, and interpersonal problems such as broken families and alienation.
Epidemiology
Substance-related disorders, a category which includes both substance dependence and substance abuse, can lead to significant personal, interpersonal, and societal problems. These disorders are most prevalent in individuals aged 18–25, with a higher occurrence in men than women, and higher occurrence in urban residents than rural residents. On average, general medical facilities hold 20% of patients with substance-related disorders, which could possibly lead to psychiatric disorders later on. Over 50% of individuals with substance-related disorders will often have a dual diagnosis, where they are simultaneously diagnosed with another psychiatric diagnosis, the most common being major depression, dysthymia, personality disorders, and anxiety disorders.
Most countries have legislation which makes various drugs and drug-like substances illegal. Although the legislation may be justifiable on moral grounds to some, it can make addiction or dependency a much more serious issue for the individual. Reliable supplies of a drug become difficult to secure as illegally produced substances may have contaminants. Withdrawal from the substances or associated contaminants can cause additional health issues, and the individual becomes vulnerable to both criminal abuse and legal punishment.
DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria
The diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5 is set at two or more criteria from a list of 11. Severity of the substance use disorders is based on the number of criteria endorsed, where 2-3 endorsements indicate a mild disorder, 4-5 indicate a moderate disorder, and 6 or more indicate severe substance use disorder. Substance use disorder can be diagnosed with physiological dependence, evidence of tolerance or withdrawal, or without physiological dependence. In addition, criteria for cannabis and caffeine withdrawal were added.
Defining Gambling Disorder
Problem gambling or gambling addiction is an urge to continuously gamble despite harmful negative consequences or a desire to stop. Severe problem gambling may be diagnosed as clinical pathological gambling if the gambler meets certain criteria and is associated with both social and family costs.
DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria
The DSM-5 has re-classified the condition as an addictive disorder, with sufferers exhibiting many similarities to those who have substance addictions. In order to be diagnosed, an individual must have at least four of the following symptoms in a 12-month period:
- Needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve the desired excitement.
- Is restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gambling.
- Has made repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling.
- Is often preoccupied with gambling (e.g., having persistent thoughts of reliving past gambling experiences, planning the next venture, thinking of ways to get money with which to gamble).
- Often gambles when feeling distressed (e.g., helpless, guilty, anxious, depressed).
- After losing money gambling, often returns another day to get even (“chasing” one’s losses).
- Lies to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling.
- Has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of gambling.
- Relies on others to provide money to relieve desperate financial situations caused by gambling.
Etiology
Several theories of substance use and addiction exist, some of the main ones being genetic predisposition, the self-medication theory, a psychological predisposition, and factors involved with social/economic development. It has long been established that genetic factors along with social and psychological factors are contributors to substance use and addiction. Epidemiological studies estimate that genetic factors account for 40–60% of the risk factors for alcoholism. Similar rates of heritability for other types of drug addiction have been indicated by other studies. Genetic factors may create a predisposition for substance abuse, which means that an individual may have a tendency toward substance abuse. The self-medication hypothesis suggests that certain individuals abuse drugs in an attempt to self-medicate physical, psychological problems, or social problems. There are strong associations between poverty and addiction.
Understanding how learning and behavior work in the reward circuit of the brain can help in understanding drug-seeking behavior and addiction. Drug addiction is characterized by strong, drug-seeking behaviors in which the person who is addicted persistently craves and seeks out drugs, despite the knowledge of harmful consequences. Addictive drugs produce a reward, which is the euphoric feeling resulting from sustained dopamine concentrations in the synaptic cleft of neurons in the brain. The reward circuit, also referred to as the mesolimbic system, is characterized by the interaction of several areas of the brain.
According to the Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery, evidence indicates that pathological gambling is an addiction similar to chemical addiction. It has been seen that some pathological gamblers have lower levels of norepinephrine than normal gamblers. According to a study conducted by Alec Roy, formerly at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, norepinephrine is secreted under stress, arousal, or thrill, so pathological gamblers gamble to make up for their under-dosage. Deficiencies in serotonin might also contribute to compulsive behavior, including a gambling addiction. Others argue that social factors are far more important determinants of gambling behavior than brain chemicals and suggest that a social model may be more useful in understanding the issue.
Treatment
Early treatment of acute withdrawal from substances often includes medical detoxification, in which a person goes through the process and experience of withdrawal symptoms while discontinuing a drug. A detoxification program for physical dependence does not necessarily address the precedents of addiction, social factors, psychological addiction, or the often-complex behavioral issues that intermingle with addiction.
Gambling Disorder Quizlet Questions
Treatments for addiction usually involve planning for specific ways to avoid the addictive stimulus and/or therapeutic interventions intended to help a client learn healthier ways to find satisfaction. Clinical leaders in recent years have attempted to tailor intervention approaches to specific influences that affect addictive behavior, using therapeutic interviews in an effort to discover factors that led a person to embrace unhealthy, addictive sources of pleasure or relief from pain. Several evidenced-based intervention programs have emerged, including behavioral marital therapy, community reinforcement approaches, cue exposure therapy, and contingency management strategies. Most treatment for addictions involves counseling, step-based programs, self-help, peer-support, medication, or a combination of these.
Twelve-step programs (such as Alcoholics Anonymous) are a set of guiding principles, sometimes accepted by members as being ‘spiritual principles’, outlining a course of action for tackling problems of addiction including alcoholism, drug addiction, and compulsion. Alcoholics Anonymous is the largest of all the twelve-step programs (from which all other twelve-steps programs are derived), followed by Narcotics Anonymous
By William “Ted” Hartwell
Gambling Disorder Quizlet Depression
This is the first of a series of articles that will discuss the issue of disordered gambling, an addiction that affects millions of individuals and their families, friends and co-workers, often with devastating consequences. Future articles will focus on legal aspects, advocacy, building public awareness, informational resources, and treatment of disordered gambling, among other topics.
Disordered gambling, also variously referred to as gambling addiction, problem gambling, compulsive gambling, and pathological gambling, is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) as:
“Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as indicated by the individual exhibiting four (or more) of the following in a 12-month period:
- Needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve the desired excitement.
- Is restless or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop gambling.
- Has made repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling.
- Is often preoccupied with gambling (e.g., having persistent thoughts of reliving past gambling experiences, handicapping or planning the next venture, thinking of ways to get money with which to gamble).
- Often gambles when feeling distressed (e.g., helpless, guilty, anxious, depressed).
- After losing money gambling, often returns another day to get even (“chasing” one’s losses).
- Lies to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling.
- Has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of gambling.
- Relies on others to provide money to relieve desperate financial situations caused by gambling.”
Key indicators of a gambling problem
For most people, gambling is harmless entertainment, but for a small percentage of individuals, gambling can become an obsession that creates persistent and recurring problems that significantly impact many areas of their lives, including personal and professional relationships. As with other addictions, problem gambling does not discriminate with regards to age, race, ethnicity, or gender, although there is substantial evidence that family history and genetic factors do play a role in determining a person’s predisposition toward developing a gambling or other addiction.
The amount of money, frequency of gambling episodes, or types of games played are not necessarily in and of themselves indicators of who may have a gambling problem. Rather, it is inability of an individual to control their gambling behavior, despite persistent and growing negative consequences as defined by the criteria above, that is indicative of a gambling disorder. While four (4) or more of the criteria above are required to meet the clinical definition of a gambling disorder, the presence of any of these criteria over any significant length of time may be indicative of an emergent problem and should be treated seriously.
What are outcomes of disordered gambling?
Q: Can problem gambling ruin your life?
A: The consequences for the individual suffering from a gambling addiction, as with any other addiction, can include:
- financial difficulties
- the loss of relationships
- the loss of jobs
- theloss of opportunities
- the loss of freedom as a result of criminal activities conducted in furtherance of a gambling addiction
- the loss of life
Disordered gambling has among the highest suicide rates of any mental disorders, including other addictions, with treatment-seeking individuals reporting rates of actual suicide attempts as high as 1 in 4-5, with the majority of the remainder reporting suicidal ideation.
What treatments are effective for disordered gambling?
Fortunately, the illness of disordered gambling is very treatable, though the issue of stigma associated with seeking treatment for a gambling problem is high, and individuals are often significantly progressed in their addiction before treatment is sought, if at all. 12-Step programs such as Gambler’s Anonymous have been shown to be effective for many in helping keep their gambling addiction in remission, especially when used in combination with individual or other group therapies facilitated by a certified gambling counselor, but there are many potential paths to recovery from gambling.
It is important to realize that the disordered gambler often affects many other individuals in their sphere of influence, particularly family members, as a result of the inability to control their gambling. Usually family members need, and can significantly benefit from, their own treatment regimen following the impact of a loved one’s gambling behavior on their finances and lives. Gam-Anon is a 12-Step program that exists for the family and friends impacted by the gambling of another, individual and family therapy is often available through certified gambling counselors.